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加入WTO与中国粮食安全
作者:佚名  来源:不详  发布时间:2006-9-8 0:06:33  发布人:admin

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四、政策建议和结论

  以上模拟显示中国加入WTO 将对中国农业产生负面影响:农产品产量下降,整体粮食自给率下降,城乡收入差距恶化。尽管这些负面影响比人们广泛预期的程度要低,但仍然应该引起政策制定者们的关注。本节将讨论对这些负面影响所能采取的政策措施。

  一个直接的措施可能就是对农业和农民提供补贴。补贴可以采用多种形式,其中有些补贴是符合WTO 规则的,有些则不是。笔者以前的研究(Jiang ,2003)曾讨论过一个方案,即采用诸如标志许可、报告程序等各种各样的新型壁垒。笔者使用CERD模型对该方案进行了模拟,具体做法是假定这些新壁垒使得农产品关税削减的实际水平相当于入世所要求的一半。模拟结果显示,尽管这样的政策可能使加入WTO 对农业的影响得到一定的缓解,并有助于减缓城乡收入差距进一步恶化的趋势,但会降低加入WTO 所带来的整体福利,均等差异(EV)比完全执行加入WTO 的关税减让承诺降低6%。

  对农业的支持也可以采用生产补贴的形式。假定加入WTO 后,政府补贴农民以保证粮食生产的自给率维持在原来的水平。模拟显示,入世后谷物自给率仅下降0.06%,但要使其恢复到入世前的水平需要花费72亿元的补贴(表12)。而总粮食自给率将下降1.5%,而要将其恢复到原来的水平就需要高达1800亿元的补贴。

  数据来源:笔者的CERD模型。

  笔者以前的论文(Jiang ,2003)还模拟了政府增加对内地的转移支付。这一政策选择的理论依据是,由于中国经济整体而言将因入世而受益,因此可以将部分收入从一个群体转移至其他群体,以使得所有群体均能得益。然而,模拟的结果与农产品关税减半方案的效果类似。缩小地区和城乡收入差距是以降低整体福利收益为代价的,其总体福利比不增加转移支付所获得的福利收益低1%。这一结果是可信的,因为对内陆地区增加转移支付,是通过“惩罚”有较高回报率的沿海地区来实现的。这一政策模拟结果意味着,设计转移支付方案时应当慎重,以避免对资源配置的进一步扭曲。

  正如Fan 、Fang和Zhang (2001)以及Hazell和Haddad(2001)等学者所建议,另一种政策选择是增加农业的研发(R&D )投入以提高中国的农业生产率。笔者对此进行了模拟,试图发现需要提高多少生产率,以使入世后中国的谷物和食物自给率保持在原来水平。结果发现,分别需要提高生产率0.32%和2.85%,以维持谷物和全部食物的自给率。为了便于理解这一数字的含义,可以参考过去的农业全要素生产率(TFP )。根据Fan (1997),1978~1984年和1984~1996年期间,农业TFP 每年分别为5.1%和3.91%。提高2.85%的生产率,意味着中国几乎需要将农业研发投入增加1倍。

  提高农业生产率还有其他途径。其中之一是改革现有的土地制度。一个流行的观点是,中国农场平均面积过小,以致于不能充分发挥规模效益。另外,由于没有界定清晰的土地所有权,农民不愿在土地上投入;土地市场不发育也妨碍了中国农村经济的调整(Lohmar和Somwaru,2002)。但是,保障土地租赁对于低收入农民实现食物安全是非常重要的。Zhou(1998)指出,中国的“双层土地经营制度”(注:土地分为“自留地”和“责任田”。自留地,或口粮田,按人头平均分配给农户,主要用来种植自己所需的口粮。责任田的承包则是以完成国家粮食生产定额和交纳农业税费为条件。)在避免产生新的无地农民和低效率的土地占有方面是非常好的。Ho(2001)指出,许多中国农民,特别是在贫困村庄的农民,赞成现行的土地制度,因为这一制度保证了农户可以获得土地。FAO (2002,第26页)也指出,贫困指数与土地所有呈负相关,生产率和农场面积呈负相关,即农场越小生产率越高。这些研究成果应使人们对目前增加农场规模的流行观点重新考虑,特别是对贫困地区而言。

  最后,进一步的开放也是一种政策选择。笔者以前的论文(Jiang ,2003)曾指出,以更自由的生产要素和商品流动为特点的国内市场改革,将增进整体福利、缩小地区收入差距。

  此外,中国应该推动全球的贸易自由化。中国在农产品的贸易自由化方面已经做出了意义重大的承诺,其对农业的保护水平是全球最低的国家之一。这使中国在新一轮贸易自由化谈判中处于有利地位。GTAP模型模拟显示,经合组织国家削减农业保护将提高中国农产品在世界市场的竞争力,从而提高粮食的自给率(Yu和Frandsen,2002)。

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